Do you ever feel like your arguments just don’t land? Or that discussions quickly spiral into confusion or conflict? Often, the culprit lies in hidden mistakes called fallacies—errors in reasoning that sneak into even well-intended arguments.
Formal Fallacies: When Logic Breaks Down
Formal fallacies are errors in the structure of an argument. For example, affirming the consequent takes the form: If A then B; B is true; therefore, A is true. This is invalid because B could be true for other reasons. Imagine saying,
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