Can Morality Be Objective? The Science and Ethics of Well-Being

Why Right and Wrong May Be More Than Just Opinions

It’s a debate as old as philosophy itself: Is there such a thing as moral truth, or is everything just a matter of opinion? Sam Harris has stirred both admiration and controversy by arguing that morality can and should be grounded in science—in facts about the well-being and suffering of conscious creatures. But what does this mean in practice, and why does it matter?

At the heart of Harris’s argument is the idea of moral realism: the belief that some ways of living are objectively better than others because they lead to greater happiness, health, and flourishing. He points to clear examples—such as the difference between a society that values education, freedom, and compassion, and one that enforces ignorance, oppression, and cruelty. The difference, he argues, is not just a matter of taste; it’s a matter of measurable well-being.

This view challenges the popular notion of cultural relativism, which holds that all moral systems are equally valid. Harris contends that this leads to moral paralysis, preventing us from criticizing harmful practices or advocating for progress. Instead, he calls for a science of ethics—one that uses reason, evidence, and empathy to guide our choices.

But the road to moral progress is not always clear. Even with the best intentions, we must grapple with complex questions: How do we balance individual freedom with collective good? What happens when values collide? And how do we ensure that our pursuit of well-being does not trample the rights of others?

Drawing on research from psychology, neuroscience, and history, Harris and his guests explore these dilemmas with nuance and humility. They argue that while moral truths may be difficult to discover, they are not arbitrary. By focusing on the realities of joy and suffering, we can build a more just and compassionate world—one conversation, one decision at a time.

Ultimately, the science of well-being is not just about finding answers, but about asking better questions—and having the courage to act on what we learn.