The Hidden Forces Behind War: How Structure, States, and People Shape Global Peace

At the heart of every war lies a complex web of causes that span from the individual to the global. Kenneth Waltz’s theory of international politics provides a powerful framework to unravel these causes by focusing on three levels: human nature, state characteristics, and the international system’s structure.

Human nature, with its mix of rationality and emotion, ambition and fear, sets the stage for conflict. Individuals and leaders bring their flaws and virtues to the political arena, influencing decisions that can lead to peace or war.

States themselves vary widely. Some embrace democracy and social cohesion, fostering peace with others; others operate under authoritarian regimes that may use war as a tool for control or expansion. Yet, no state can ignore the pressures of the international environment.

The international system’s anarchic nature means no higher authority exists to enforce rules or prevent aggression. States must rely on self-help, leading to security dilemmas where defensive moves by one provoke fear and countermeasures by others. This creates a precarious balance of power that can maintain peace but also risks sudden conflict.

Historical and contemporary examples—from the Cold War to regional disputes—illustrate these dynamics vividly. The interplay of these images explains why peace is fragile and why efforts to impose it must be carefully calibrated.

Waltz’s insights remain foundational, guiding scholars and practitioners in navigating the turbulent waters of international relations.