Why Geography Matters: The Landlocked and Isolated Countries Left Behind

Geography is destiny for many of the world’s poorest countries. Nearly 40% of the bottom billion live in landlocked nations, primarily in Africa. These countries face an uphill battle simply because they lack direct access to the sea, which is crucial for trade and economic integration.

The High Cost of Being Landlocked

Transporting goods through neighboring countries adds layers of cost, delay, and uncertainty. But it is not just distance that matters; the quality of neighbors’ infrastructure and trade policies plays a decisive role. Poor roads, railways, and customs procedures can cripple access to global markets.

For example, a landlocked country dependent on a neighbor with conflict or protectionist policies faces severe barriers to growth. These geographic disadvantages limit opportunities and reinforce poverty traps.

Dependence on Neighbors’ Growth

Landlocked countries often rely on regional trade and investment spillovers. When neighbors grow and stabilize, landlocked nations benefit. But when neighbors stagnate or conflict, isolation deepens. This interdependence means that development strategies must consider regional dynamics and cooperation.

Efforts to overcome these challenges include regional infrastructure projects, trade facilitation agreements, and diplomatic engagement. However, success depends on political will and coordination beyond national borders.

Understanding geography’s role helps explain why some countries remain stuck despite reforms and aid, emphasizing the need for holistic approaches.

Sources: supersummary.com, wikipedia.org, shortform.com